The peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as other documents signed at the meeting with Trump on August 8, 2025

The “Caucasian Knot" publishes the agreement on the establishment of peace and interstate relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which was initialed by Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on August 8, 2025, through the mediation of US President Donald Trump. The meeting of Trump, Aliyev and Pashinyan took place on August 8 in Washington. Following the meeting, Pashinyan and Aliyev also signed a joint declaration. In addition to the agreements between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Trump signed a number of separate memoranda with Aliyev and Pashinyan. These documents are also published by the Caucasian Knot.

***

Agreement on Establishment of Peace and Inter-State Relations between
the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan

The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter, the Parties),

Realizing the urgent necessity of the establishment of a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;

Desiring to contribute to that end through the establishment of inter-state relations;

Being guided by the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970), the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (1975), and the Almaty Declaration of 21 December 1991, and aiming to develop relations on the basis of norms and principles enshrined therein;

Expressing their mutual will to establish good-neighborliness between them;

Have agreed to establish peace and inter-state relations between them on the basis of the following:

ARTICLE I

Having confirmed that the boundaries between the Soviet Socialist Republics of the former USSR became the international borders of respective independent states and have been recognized as such by the international community, the Parties recognize and shall respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity, inviolability of international borders and political independence of each other;

ARTICLE II

In full compliance with Article I, the Parties confirm that they do not have any territorial claims to each other and shall not raise any such claims in the future.

The Parties shall not undertake any act, including planning, preparing, encouraging and supporting such acts, which aim to dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of the other Party;

ARTICLE III 

The Parties, in their mutual relations, shall refrain from the use of force or the threat of use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. They shall not allow any third Party to use their respective territories for using force against the other Party inconsistent with the UN Charter;

ARTICLE IV

The Parties shall refrain from intervening with the internal affairs of each other;

ARTICLE V

Within _____ days after the exchange of instruments of ratification of this Agreement by both Parties, the Parties shall establish diplomatic relations between them in accordance with the provisions of the Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations (1961 and 1963, respectively);

ARTICLE VI

In full compliance with their obligations under Article I of the present Agreement, the Parties shall conduct in good faith negotiations between the respective border commissions in accordance with the agreed upon regulations of the Commissions to conclude the Agreement on delimitation and demarcation of the state border between the Parties;

ARTICLE VII

 The Parties shall not deploy along their mutual border forces of any third party. The Parties, pending the delimitation and subsequent demarcation of their mutual border, shall implement mutually agreed security and confidence-building measures, including in the military field, with a view to ensuring security and stability in the border regions;

 ARTICLE VIII

The Parties condemn and shall combat intolerance, racial hatred and discrimination, separatism, violent extremism and terrorism in all their manifestations within their respective jurisdictions, and shall uphold their applicable international obligations;

ARTICLE IX

The Parties undertake to address the cases of missing persons and enforced disappearances taken place in the armed conflict which involved both of the Parties, including through the exchange of all available information about these persons, directly or in cooperation with relevant international organizations, as appropriate. The Parties, hereby, acknowledge the importance of investigating the fate of those persons, including searching for and returning the remains as appropriate and ensuring that justice is served in relation to these persons through proper investigations, as a means of reconciliation and building confidence. Corresponding modalities, in this regard, shall be negotiated and agreed upon in detail in a separate agreement;

ARTICLE X

In order to establish cooperation in various fields, including economic, transit and transport, environmental, humanitarian and cultural, the Parties may conclude agreements in respective areas of mutual interest;

ARTICLE XI

The present Agreement does not infringe upon the rights and obligations of the Parties under international law and treaties concluded by each one of them with other UN Member-States. Each Party shall ensure that none of the international engagements now in force between it and any third party undermine its obligations taken under this Agreement;

ARTICLE XII

The Parties in their bilateral relations shall be guided by international law and this Agreement. None of the Parties may invoke the provisions of its internal legislation as justification for its failure to perform the present Agreement.

The Parties, in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), shall refrain from acts that would defeat the object and purpose of this Agreement prior to its entry into force;

ARTICLE XIII

The Parties guarantee the full implementation of this Agreement and shall establish a bilateral commission to oversee implementation of the present Agreement. The Commission shall work on the basis of modalities to be agreed upon by the Parties;

ARTICLE XIV

Without prejudice to their rights and obligations under international law and other treaties which bind them in their mutual relations, the Parties shall strive for settling any dispute with respect to the interpretation or application of this Agreement through direct consultations, including within the Commission referred to in Article XIII. Should such consultations not yield result acceptable for both Parties within 6 months, the Parties shall seek other means of peaceful dispute settlement;

ARTICLE XV

Without prejudice to Article XIV, the Parties shall withdraw, dismiss, or otherwise settle any and all interstate claims, complaints, protests, objections, proceedings, and disputes related to the issues existed between the Parties before the signing of this Agreement in any legal forum within one month from the date of entry into force of this Agreement and shall not initiate such claims, complaints, protests, objections, proceedings, and shall not be involved in any manner into such claims, complaints, protests, objections, proceedings initiated against the other Party by any third-party.

The Parties shall not take, encourage or be involved in any manner in any hostile action against each other contrary to the present Agreement in diplomatic, information and other fields and shall conduct regular consultations to this end;

ARTICLE XVI

The Agreement shall enter into force after the exchange of instruments notifying about the completion of the internal procedures in line with the national legislations of the Parties. This Agreement shall be registered in conformity with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations;

ARTICLE XVII

The present Agreement is concluded in the Armenian, Azerbaijani and English languages, with all three texts being equally authentic. In case of divergence as to the meaning of a provision under any of the authentic texts, the English text shall prevail.

***

Joint Declaration
by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia
on the outcomes of their meeting in Washington D.C., United States of Americа

 We, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, having met in Washington D.C., United States of America, on August 8, 2025, declare the following:

1. We and President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America witnessed the initialing of the agreed upon text of the Agreement on Establishment of Peace and InterState relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Parties. In this respect, we acknowledged the need to continue further actions to achieve the signing and ultimate ratification of the Agreement, and emphasized the importance of maintaining and strengthening peace between our two countries
2. We also witnessed the signing of the joint appeal to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on the closure of OSCE's Minsk Process and related structures by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. We call on all OSCE participating States to adopt this decision.
3. We reaffirmed the importance of the opening of communications between the two countries for intra-state, bilateral, and international transportation for the promotion of peace, stability, and prosperity in the region and in its neighborhood on the basis ofrespect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and jurisdiction of the States. These efforts are to include unimpeded connectivity between the main part of the Republic of Azerbaijan and its Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic through the territory of the Republic of Armenia with reciprocal benefits for international and intra-state connectivity for the Republic of Armenia.
4. The Republic of Armenia will work with the United States of America and mutually determined third parties, to set forth a framework for the "Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity" (TRIPP) connectivity project in the territory of the Republic of Armenia. We confirm our determination to pursue efforts in good faith to achieve this goal in the most expeditious manner.
5. We acknowledge the need to chart a course for a bright future not bound by the conflict of the past, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations and the 1991 Almaty Declaration. The conditions have been created for our nations to finally embark on building good neighborly relations on the basis of the inviolability of international borders and the inadmissibility of the use of force for the acquisition of territory after the conflict that brought immense human suffering. This reality, which is not and should never be subject to revision, paves the way for closing the chapter of enmity between our two nations. We resolutely reject and exclude any attempt of revenge, now and in the future.
6. We express our confidence that this Summit is a strong foundation for mutual respect and the advancement of peace in the region.
7. We express deep gratitude to President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America for his gracious hospitality in hosting this important summit and for his significant contributions to advancing the normalization of bilateral relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia. The present Declaration was signed on August 8, 2025, in Washington D.C., United States of America.

Ilham ALIYEV President of the Republic of Azerbaijan     Nikol PASHINYAN Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia

Witnessed by: Donald J. TRUMP President of the United States of America

МЕМОRANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan regarding the establishment of a Strategic Working Group to develop a Charter on Strategic Partnership between the United States of America and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

 The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter referred to as the "Participants"),

Have reached the following understandings:

I. Purpose

The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter "MOU") is to establish a Strategic Working Group to develop within a 6-month time period a Charter on Strategic Partnership between the Participants that focuses on strengthening strategic ties between the Participants.

The Participants intend to engage in a strategic working group focused on three areas:

• Regional connectivity, including energy, trade, and transit;
• Economic investment, including Artificial Intelligence and digital infrastructure; and
• Security cooperation, including defense sales and counterterrorism cooperation.

II. Areas of Cooperation

The Participants intend to collaborate in a number of areas, including but not limited to the following:

• Expanding energy investment and regional connectivity infrastructure;
• Building stronger defense and counterterrorism cooperation;
• Advancing regional economic and trade cooperation; and
• Developing Artificial Intelligence partnerships and digital infrastructure investment.

III. General Provisions

1. Duration: This MOU comes into effect on the date of its signature by the Participants and is intended to remain operative for one (1) year. The Participants may extend this MOU by mutual written decision. Either Participant may discontinue its participation in this MOU at any time. The discontinuing Participant should give sixty (60) days prior written notice through diplomatic channels to the other Participant.
2. Life of Projects: Unless otherwise decided by the Participants, the discontinuation of this MOU does not affect projects and activities already started and not completed under this MOU between the two Participants.
3. Modifications: The Participants may modify this MOU by mutual written decision.
4. Effect of MOU: Nothing in this MOU gives rise to rights or obligations under international or domestic law. The Participants specifically acknowledge that this MOU is not an obligation offunds. The Participants intend to maintain their own separate and unique missions and mandates and their own accountabilities. The cooperation between the Participants as outlined in this MOU is not intended to be construed as a partnership or other type of legal entity or personality. Each Participant is expected to bear its own costs for all expenses incurred by itself related to this MOU. The Participants intend to implement this MOU in a manner that does not interfere with any other arrangements between the Participants, either prior to or subsequent to the signing of this MOU. Nothing in this MOU is intended to be construed as an exclusive working relationship.
5. Signed at Washington, D.C., on August 8, 2025, in two original copies, each in the English language.

For the Government of the United States of America

For the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia regarding the Crossroads of Peace Capacity Building Partnership

The Government ofthe United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter referred to as the "Participants"),

 Emphasizing unequivocal support for Armenia's sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of its internationally recognized borders;

Expressing mutual interest in investment in Armenia's Crossroads of Peace project and enhancing Armenia's infrastructure and border security;

 Affirming the common desire to improve Armenia's infrastructure and border security capacities, and ability to act as an efficient transit hub for regional and global trade; and

Recognizing the complementarity of the work of the Participants and the benefits of closer strategic cooperation between them;

Have reached the following understanding:

I. Purpose

The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter "MOU") is to collaborate towards the improvement of Armenia's infrastructure and border security, including through investment, resources, training, and partnership between the Participants.

The Participants intend to respond to Armenia's infrastructure and border security priorities, including:

• Encouraging private sector investment;
• Increasing efficiency of customs control and border security cooperation and capacity building, including to combat illicit trafficking and smuggling;
• Facilitating the exchanges of best practices between the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Armenian Border Guard Troops of the National Security Service and State Revenue Committee; and
• Strengthening cyber security best practices and capacities.

II. Areas of Cooperation

The Participants intend to collaborate in a number of areas, including but not limited to the following:

• Enhancing Armenia's border security through training, U.S. government resources, and best practices from U.S. Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection;
• Increasing investment on cyber defense operations; and
• Promoting investment to modernize Armenia's infrastructure as well as the border security sector.

III. General Provisions

1. Duration: This MOU becomes operative on the date of its signing and is intended to remain operative for a period of one (1) year. Cooperation under this MOU is expected to continue for additional 3 periods unless one of the Participants notifies the other in writing of its intention to discontinue cooperation under this MOU at least sixty (60) days prior to the date of discontinuance. Any differences regarding the interpretation or application of this MOU may be resolved amicably through consultations between the competent bodies of the Participants.
2. Modifications: The Participants may modify this MOU by mutual written decision.
3. Points of Contact: The Participants intend to designate points of contact within their respective institutions to coordinate the implementation of this MOU.
4. Reporting and Dialogue: The Participants intend to hold regular consultations, including at the expert and senior levels to review progress and identify new opportunities for collaboration.
5. Effect of MOU: Nothing in this MOU gives rise to rights or obligations under international or domestic law. The Participants specifically acknowledge that this MOU is not an obligation of funds. The Participants intend to maintain their own separate and unique missions and mandates and their own accountabilities. The cooperation between the Participants as outlined in this MOU is not intended to be construed as a partnership or other type oflegal entity or personality. Each Participant is expected to bear its own costs for all expenses incurred by itself related to this MOU. The Participants intend to implement this MOU in a manner that does not interfere with any other arrangements between the Participants, either prior to or subsequent to the signing of this MOU. Nothing in this MOU is intended to be construed as an exclusive working relationship.

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia
regarding an AI and Semiconductor Innovation Partnership

 The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter referred to as the "Participants"),

Acknowledging their shared interest in fostering innovation, economic development, and technological advancement;

Expressing mutual interest in investment in Armenia's semiconductor ecosystem, which will contribute to technology commercialization and economic benefit for both Participants;

Affirming the common desire to increase support for resilient semiconductor supply chains; and

 Recognizing the complementarity of the work of the Participants and the benefits of closer strategic cooperation between them;

 Have reached the following understanding:

I. Purpose

The United States of America and the Republic of Armenia develop this Memorandum of Understanding in line with the U.S.-Armenia Strategic Partnership Charter, intended to deepen collaboration on development of secure semiconductor supply chains, including with respect to: the semiconductor ecosystem, and the Integrated Circuit (IC) and electronics industries, to create linkages between their respective industries and commercialization of artificial intelligence applications, and to work towards achieving the necessary conditions required to elevate Armenia's assessed status within the U.S. export control framework.

 The Participants intend to respond to their semiconductor supply chain and artificial intelligence development priorities, including:

• Exploring opportunities to further develop Armenia's semiconductor ecosystem;
• Encouraging private sector investment; also through exploring joint projects and publicprivate partnerships to accelerate practical implementation of this Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter "MOU”);
• Increasing mutual exchanges of information on best practices for development of secure semiconductor supply chains and artificial intelligence applications;
• Enhancing bilateral and international discussions on best practices for export controls; and Facilitating joint academic and research partnerships (also through the potential establishment of an Armenia-USA binational science foundation) on semiconductors, and supply chain resiliency to support innovation, workforce development, knowledge and technology transfer.

II. Areas of Cooperation

The Participants intend to collaborate in a number of areas, including the following:

Raising awareness among US private sector, associations and other relevant stakeholders about semiconductor ecosystem and trusted export control mechanisms existing in Armenia;

• Enhancing export controls for secure semiconductor supply chains;
• Strengthening effective export controls for artificial intelligence application and model development; Strengthening cooperation between the Participants to define, identify and prevent diversion of artificial intelligence resources;
• Preparing the workforce to effectively use and integrate artificial intelligence applications, including issues of freedom, accuracy, integrity, and purpose; and
• Opportunities for promoting investment and infrastructure development Armenia's high-tech sector.

 III. General Provisions

1. Duration: This MOU becomes operative on the date of its signing and is intended to remain operative for a period of one (1) year. Cooperation under this MOU is expected to continue for additional 3 periods unless one of the Participants notifies the other in writing of its intention to discontinue cooperation under this MOU at least sixty (60) days prior to the date of discontinuance. Any differences regarding the interpretation or application of this MOU may be resolved amicably through consultations between the competent bodies of the Participants.
2. Modifications: The Participants may modify this MOU by mutual written decision.
3. Points of Contact: The Participants intend to designate points of contact within their respective institutions to coordinate the implementation of this MOU.
4. Reporting and Dialogue: The Participants intend to hold regular consultations, including at the expert and senior levels to review progress and identify new opportunities for collaboration.
5. Effect of MOU: Nothing in this MOU gives rise to rights or obligations under international or domestic law. The Participants specifically acknowledge that this MOU is not an obligation of funds. The Participants intend to maintain their own separate and unique missions and mandates and their own accountabilities. The cooperation between the Participants as outlined in this MOU is not intended to be construed as a partnership or other type of legal entity or personality. Each Participant is expected to bear its own costs for all expenses incurred by itself related to this MOU. The Participants intend to implement this MOU in a manner that does not interfere with any other arrangements between the Participants, either prior to or subsequent to the signing of this MOU. Nothing in this MOU is intended to be construed as an exclusive working relationship.

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia regarding an Energy Security Partnership

 The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter referred to as the "Participants"),

Expressing mutual interest in investment in Armenia's energy sector, aimed at contributing to Armenia's energy diversification, security, resilience, and modernization of Armenia's energy sector;

Affirming the common desire to enhance civilian nuclear cooperation; and

 Recognizing the complementarity of the work of the Participants and the benefits of closer strategic cooperation between them;

Have reached the following understanding:

I. Purpose

The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter "MOU") is to collaborate towards the improvement of the resilience of Armenia's energy system, including through the alignment of Armenia's energy sector regulations and market standards with international best practices, and facilitation of Armenia's transition to a low-carbon, competitive, and internationally integrated energy economy.

The Participants intend to respond to Armenia's energy sector priorities, including:

• Encouraging private sector investment;
• Increasing civil nuclear energy cooperation;
• Advancing protection for critical energy assets;
• Strengthening energy resilience and independence of critical and social infrastructure;
• Fostering regional energy cooperation and cross-border energy trade opportunities; and
• Supporting skills development and capacity building in Armenia's energy sector workforce.

II. Areas of Cooperation

The Participants intend to collaborate in a number of areas, including but not limited to the following:

1. Civil nuclear energy cooperation, including small modular reactor technologies;
2. Promoting investment to bolster Armenia's critical energy infrastructure, including in the development of battery energy storage stations for renewable energy resources;
3. Promoting investment to modernize Armenia's electricity transmission and distribution grids; and
4. Enhancing cybersecurity of Armenia's energy infrastructure, including through technical assistance.

III. General Provisions

1. Duration: This MOU becomes operative on the date of its signing and is intended to remain operative for a period of one (1) year. Cooperation under this MOU is expected to continue for additional 3 periods unless one of the Participants notifies the other in writing of its intention to discontinue cooperation under this MOU at least sixty (60) days prior to the date of discontinuance. Any differences regarding the interpretation or application of this MOU may be resolved amicably through consultations between the competent bodies of the Participants.
2. Modifications: The Participants may modify this MOU by mutual written decision.
3. Points of Contact: The Participants intend to designate points of contact within their respective institutions to coordinate the implementation of this MOU.
4. Reporting and Dialogue: The Participants intend to hold regular consultations, including at the expert and senior levels to review progress and identify new opportunities for collaboration.
5. Effect of MOU: Nothing in this MOU gives rise to rights or obligations under international or domestic law. The Participants specifically acknowledge that this MOU is not an obligation of funds. The Participants intend to maintain their own separate and unique missions and mandates and their own accountabilities. The cooperation between the Participants as outlined in this MOU is not intended to be construed as a partnership or other type of legal entity or personality. Each Participant is expected to bear its own costs for all expenses incurred by itself related to this MOU. The Participants intend to implement this MOU in a manner that does not interfere with any other arrangements between the Participants, either prior to or subsequent to the signing of this MOU. Nothing in this MOU is intended to be construed as an exclusive working relationship.

 Three (3) Memoranda of Understanding signed at Washington, D.C., on August 8, 2025, in two original copies, each in the English language.

For the Government of the United States of America

For the Government of the Republic of Armenia